Use the author's surname followed by their initials, like "Smith, J.". Separate multiple authors with a comma, and the final author with an ampersand, like "Smith, J., & Brown, F.".
Please enter the year, followed by the month and day, for example "2022, September 21".
Use the author's surname followed by their full first name.
For example "Print". Not required.
Please enter the day, truncated month, and year, for example "21 Sep. 2022".
Use the full author name, like "John Smith".
Only required if you are generating a reference for an edited book.
Only required if you are generating a reference for a translated book.
Use abbreviated format like "2nd edn.". Leave blank if the book is a first edition.
You only need to include the page range if you are referencing a specific bit of information.
You only need to include the page if you are referencing a specific bit of information.
DOIs are required for online journal articles. If available, include a DOI for books and book chapters too.
Use the full author name, like "John Smith". Leave blank if unknown.
Use the full date, like "21 September 2022".
Use the full author name, like "Smith, John".
Only required if you a quoting or referring to a specific piece of text.
For brevity, exclude words such as "the".
In "Month day, year" format, like "Sep 19, 2022".
Use the full author name, like "Smith, John". Leave blank if unknown.
Use the author's surname, followed by their initials, like "Smith J". Separate multiple authors with a comma.
For example, "1st ed".
Use the editor's surname, followed by their initials, like "Smith J". Separate multiple editors with a comma.
Use the "Year Month Day" format, like "2022 Sep 19".
For one author, use the author's full name, like "John Smith". For 2-3 authors, use the authors' initials and separate them using "and", like "J Smith and FM Brown". For more authors, use the first author followed by "and others".
Use the page or page range fields only, not both.
Use the "Year-Month-Day" format, like "22-09-19".
Use the "Year-Month-Day" format, like "2022-09-19".